What is defined as the investigation of evidence to study past cultures?

The correct choice is associated with the investigation of physical evidence and material remains to understand and interpret the lifestyles, behaviors, and cultures of past societies. Archaeology specifically involves excavating sites, analyzing artifacts, ecofacts, and features to reconstruct historical landscapes and cultural practices. This contrasts with other disciplines: anthropology encompasses the broader study of humans and their societies, sociology focuses on contemporary social behaviors and structures, and history relies more on written records and narratives rather than physical evidence alone. Hence, the essence of studying past cultures through the physical remnants they left behind firmly aligns with the definition of archaeology.