What illustrates a mismatch between what a society advocates and what actually occurs?

The correct answer is real culture, as it represents the difference between the values and norms a society publicly advocates (ideal culture) and the behaviors and practices that actually occur within that society. Real culture encompasses the lived experiences, behaviors, and societal activities of individuals, which may not align with the cultural ideals that society promotes, such as fairness, equality, or respect for diversity.

For instance, a society might advocate for gender equality in its laws and policies (ideal culture), but real culture may reveal persistent gender discrimination and unequal treatment in everyday life. By examining real culture, one can identify these discrepancies and understand the complexities of social behavior that do not always reflect the values society claims to uphold.